Organ Transplantation
21-8-2000 | IslamWeb
Question:
What is the Islamic opinion about Organ Transplantation using ANIMAL ORGANS? (Pig kidnies and livers will be used in near future in western world).
Answer:
All perfect praise be to Allah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allah, and that Muhammad 
is His slave and Messenger.
Organ transplantation was not known before the contemporary great developments in the medical field.
There are two types of organ transplantation as far as the living beings are concerned:
First: the organ to be transplanted is taken from a human being.
Second: the organ to be transplanted is taken from an animal.
In the first situation the organ might be taken from the same body of the person who undergoes the transplant or it might be taken from one person and transplanted in the body of someone else.
If the organ is transplanted in the body of the person from whom it is taken, this is lawful under three conditions:
First, there should be a real necessity and not for mere beautification.
Second, there should not be any risk to the life of the person during any stage of the operation.
Third, there should be an authentic medical report stating that this transplantation is likely to be successful.
If the organ is taken from the body of a person and transplanted in the body of another person, the ruling is defined according to whether this last person is dead, alive, Muslim, or Kafir (non-Muslim).
If the organ is taken from a living Muslim or a Thimmy (non-Muslim living under Muslim rule), it can be transplanted if the following conditions are met:
(1) It does not cause any harm to the person from whom it is taken.
(2) The giver should have done so by his own choice; i.e., without being obliged or pressurized to do so.
(3) The transplantation should be the ultimate and only treatment for the sick person.
(4) The probability of the success of the operation should be very high or certain from the surgical point of view.
(5) It should not be in counter-part of any material thing.
If the organ is taken from a dead person, all the five aforementioned conditions should be met along with the consent of the dead before his death, or the consent of his next of kin, or the contentment of the Muslim ruler if the dead person's identity is unknown.
Many Islamic authorities have made a Fatwa legalizing this kind of transplantation among which are the International Islamic Conference in Malaysia in 1969 and the Islamic Fiqh Council in its eighth session in Makkah. The evidence for the lawfulness of the transplantation is as follows:
Allah Says (what means): {He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit], there is no sin upon him. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.} [Quran 2: 173]
Allah also Says (what means): {But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.} [Quran 5: 3]
So, Allah has excluded the situation of dire necessity from the prohibited things. No doubt that the sick person who desperately needs an organ is in dire necessity because his life is endangered such as kidney failure, damaged liver or heart. Allah Says (what means): {…whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.} [Quran 5: 32]
So, this is a general ruling including any deliverance of a person from death or any donation of an organ to a needy person like giving an eye to a blind person to help him recover his vision. The evidences for the lawfulness of this are numerous.
As for transferring an organ from an animal to a person, then its ruling depends on the ruling of the animal itself whether it is pure or impure.
If the animal is pure such as legally slaughtered camels goats and sheep – then there is no doubt about the lawfulness of using any of its parts in medication (transplantation or others) as it is lawful to seek remedy in any lawful thing. The Prophet said: “Seek remedy as Allah has not sent down any sickness without sending a cure for it.” [Abu Dawood and At-Tirmithi]
The scholars are agreed that this is lawful. An-Nawawi 
said: “If a person gets one of his bones broken, he could put a pure bone instead of it.” [Al Majmoo’ 3-138]
Besides, the Indian Fataawa reads: “There is no harm in being treated with a bone from a goat, a cow, a camel or a horse or any other animal save the pig.”
So, since it is lawful to get treated with a bone from an animal that is slaughtered according to Islamic rites, then transplanting its bone in a human body if necessary is lawful as well.
But if the animal is impure such as a dead animal that is not slaughtered according to Islamic rites, or of other impurities, the initial ruling is that it is forbidden because putting impurities in the body annuls the prayer and all other forms of worship which require purification.
Therefore, in principle, it is forbidden to transplant any organ from an impure animal into a human body. But if there is a real necessity the ruling can be changed. An-Nawawi said: “If his bone gets broken, he could change it with a pure bone. Our companions (i.e. scholars of the Shaafi’i School) said: “It is unlawful for him to put an impure bone as long as he could get a pure one; otherwise he is excused. But if he does not need it or if he finds a pure one that could be transplanted instead of the impure one and yet chooses the impure bone, he then commits a sin and should take out the impure bone and put in a pure one in place of it unless this would cause much harm.
So, the initial ruling is: "It is forbidden to seek treatment with impurities as long as there are purities. But if the pure is not found, the impure can be used under two conditions:
1. There should be a dire necessity for it.
2. There should not be any pure thing available and which could be used as substitute.
If one of the two conditions is not met, it is forbidden to transplant an organ from an impure animal into a human being. However, the organs taken from pigs do not fit into this category of impure animals that are permissible to be used in treatment for the two following reasons:
1. It is forbidden to get any profit from the pig because the consensus of the scholars is that the pig is impure, alive or dead.
2. The harmful effects that are proven to occur to the human body when a pig organ is transplanted in it are yet another reason to avoid such an operation.
A group of scientists in Roseline Institute in Edinburgh stopped a project to clone pigs for their organs to replace the deteriorated organs of the human being because they discovered that the pig contains an unknown virus. This discovery upset them and caused them to fear the spread of this virus. For the above reasons, it is forbidden to transplant a pig organ into a human body or even to profit from the pig in any way whatsoever.
Allah knows best.