All perfect praise be to Allah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allah, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger.
If your husband is as you described and that he believes in such false ideas and destructive principles, then he is upon a great danger because they totally contradict the principles of Islam, and they necessitate disbelief and apostasy from Islam unless Allah guides him to the Truth by His Mercy.
Indeed, you have done well by seeking the help of some scholars to debate with him and clarify the Truth to him. One should continue to debate with him as long as it is expected that this will be beneficial to him.
If he does not return to his senses and does not sincerely repent to Allah, then it is not lawful for you to stay with him in marital bond, and it is not permissible for you to enable him to have sex with you. The fact that he gives you the freedom to believe in whatever you wish does not make it permissible for you to stay in a marital bond with him.
You can seek the help of your Muslim brothers in Islamic Centers and others in order to be separated from him.
The theory of evolution, known as Darwin's theory, has already been refuted and declared null and void in several Fataawa; you may refer for instance to Fataawa 4755, 83754and 86254.
Men being the protectors and maintainers of women (i.e. in charge of them) is something confirmed in the texts of the Quran and the Sunnah. This protection is given to them in order to administrate and manage the household and not to oppress or suppress women, as discussed in Fataawa 84120 and 346576. In these Fataawa, we have refuted some misconceptions that are raised by some people about this matter.
The claim of your husband that this ruling is special to the old time (when the Quran was revealed) and is not applicable to this present time is false and void, and it is not supported by any Islamic evidence in the Quran or the Sunnah.
Indeed, Islamic texts prove that Islam is valid for all times and places, as discussed in Fataawa 391360, 91689, 52745, and 9263.
Additionally, the physical and psychological structure of women and the apparent difference between them and men is one of the most important differences that necessitate the protection of men and them being in charge of women. This does not change from one time to another or from one century to another because it is something constant in the origin of the woman's creation.
The Quran is truly the Book of Allah and falsehood cannot touch from any angle.
Whoever believes other than this in the Quran, then he is following his desires, whims, sick heart and evil understanding. Allah Says (what means): {Falsehood cannot approach it from before it or from behind it; [it is] a revelation from a [Lord who is] Wise and Praiseworthy.} [Quran 41:42]
As for the fact that the Quran stated that Maryam is the sister of Aaron, then this is confirmed. However, there are many evidences proving that he is not Aaron the brother of Moosa (Moses), may Allaah exalt his mention. For instance, the Quran speaks about the story of the Mother of Maryam's vow about what is in her womb and her giving birth to Maryam, and then speaks about the Prophets who lived at the same time as Maryam, who was Zachariah . All this is clear-cut evidence that the Quran does not refer to Aaron the brother of Moosa (Moses), may Allaah exalt his mention.
Another evidence also is that Al-Mugheerah ibn Shu’bah narrated: “When I came to Najran, they (the Christians of Najran) asked me: You read "O sister of Aron" (i.e. Maryam) in the Quran, whereas Moses was born a very long time before Jesus. When I came back to Allah's Messenger I asked him about that, whereupon he said: The (people of the old age) used to name (their children) after the Prophets and the pious persons who had come before them.” [Muslim] That means that she had a brother named Aaron.
We would like to point out here that if someone does not understand something from Quran, he must question his understanding and accuse his weak mind and not accuse the Quran. The Arabs who existed when the Quran was sent were very eloquent, rational and very intelligent, and they tried to find any contradiction in it but were unable to do so.
In conclusion, we would like to warn you against listening to the misconceptions that your husband is raising to you and not pay any attention to them.
The polytheists in Jaahiliyyah (the Pre-Islamic Era of Ignorance) used to argue with the Muslims and say: What Allah has slaughtered with a golden knife – a metaphor referring to animals Allah causes to die– is forbidden and what you slaughter with a knife is lawful, how can this be? Thereupon, the following verse was revealed (which means): {And do not eat of that upon which the name of Allah has not been mentioned, for indeed, it is grave disobedience. And indeed do the devils inspire their allies [among men] to dispute with you. And if you were to obey them, indeed, you would be associators [of others with Him].} [Quran 6:121]
Allah knows best.